HydrogenAudio

CD-R and Audio Hardware => Audio Hardware => Topic started by: ArtMustHurt on 2010-09-15 21:39:11

Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: ArtMustHurt on 2010-09-15 21:39:11
How's the audio quality on the Ipod Classic 160gb 7th generation?
I read some reviews saying the audio quality had gotten worse in the newest classic model(compared to the older models).
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Soap on 2010-09-15 21:45:09
This would make a beautiful test.

I am aware of no hardware changes between said generations, if I am proven correct you now know a whole new group of reviewers who should be ignored!
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Arnold B. Krueger on 2010-09-16 14:39:18
How's the audio quality on the Ipod Classic 160gb 7th generation?
I read some reviews saying the audio quality had gotten worse in the newest classic model(compared to the older models).


Run a Rightmark and post it! ;-)
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Bullit on 2010-10-07 17:07:03
Wasn't there some kind of adapter that bypasses the DAC on the iPod? Supposedly that gave better audio quality.

As far as the audio quality on the iPod, yes it sucks. I'm using a 30gb video and compared to my Cowon D2, it sounds muffled and there isn't enough bass.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: EagleScout1998 on 2010-10-07 17:45:43
Wouldn't the headphones (or earphones) be the more likely culprit?
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: mixminus1 on 2010-10-07 17:59:24
Oh, you're no fun!

My high-impedance (~100 ohm) Altec Lansing IEM's are a bit lightweight in the low end when driven from my iPod touch as compared to being driven by my dedicated Symetrix headphone amp.

However, my 24 ohm Sony MDR-V6's sound great when driven by any of my six iPods, with the oldest being six years old, I think.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: JunkieXL on 2010-10-07 18:07:58
It plays music... The quality of said music depends greatly on the quality of the files loaded on the iPod and the headphones/amp being used.  Discussing the audio quality of an iPod is kind a mute point in my opinion.
JXL
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: greynol on 2010-10-07 18:21:25
Wasn't there some kind of adapter that bypasses the DAC on the iPod?

It should be clear by the responses that the difference in quality you cite has nothing to do with the device's DAC.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Bullit on 2010-10-07 20:26:44
It should be clear by the responses that the difference in quality you cite has nothing to do with the device's DAC.


Thank you nanny. I can read the responses after mine.

As far as the device's DAC it has changed on the classic, its a cirrus model. http://www.computeraudiophile.com/content/...C-does-ipod-use (http://www.computeraudiophile.com/content/What-DAC-does-ipod-use)

Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: greynol on 2010-10-07 21:00:02
If you're claiming audible differences in the iPod's DAC then let's see your ABX results.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: saratoga on 2010-10-07 21:06:11
It should be clear by the responses that the difference in quality you cite has nothing to do with the device's DAC.


Thank you nanny. I can read the responses after mine.

As far as the device's DAC it has changed on the classic, its a cirrus model. http://www.computeraudiophile.com/content/...C-does-ipod-use (http://www.computeraudiophile.com/content/What-DAC-does-ipod-use)


All ipods since the 5G have extremely good output, so it doesn't really matter which DAC is used on which model.  They all perform good enough that theres no need to care which is which.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Bullit on 2010-10-07 22:31:23
If you're claiming audible differences in the iPod's DAC then let's see your ABX results.


I am claiming that the iPod classic uses a different DAC.

All ipods since the 5G have extremely good output, so it doesn't really matter which DAC is used on which model.  They all perform good enough that theres no need to care which is which.


I've found the output underwhelming. Would a quality headphone pre-amp reduce the muddiness of the sound? Clear the low end and boost some of the mids I mean.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: MichaelW on 2010-10-07 22:37:49
Whilst ABX is the platinum-iridium standard, wouldn't simple measurements of frequency response be enough to determine whether or not any iPod is deficient in bass?

Anyone want to bet on the outcome? I have a lazy $50 that says no difference greater than 1dB on any reasonably current model.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: saratoga on 2010-10-07 23:14:47
I've found the output underwhelming. Would a quality headphone pre-amp reduce the muddiness of the sound? Clear the low end and boost some of the mids I mean.


I realize you're new here, but you still have to follow the same rules as everyone else:

http://www.hydrogenaudio.org/forums/index.php?showtopic=3974 (http://www.hydrogenaudio.org/forums/index.php?showtopic=3974)

Specifically number 8, which says you must provide evidence or else retract statements like these:

"As far as the audio quality on the iPod, yes it sucks."

"I've found the output underwhelming. Would a quality headphone pre-amp reduce the muddiness of the sound? Clear the low end and boost some of the mids I mean."

IMO these are not true, so I would be very interested to see any evidence to the contrary.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Arnold B. Krueger on 2010-10-08 00:54:36
I've found the output underwhelming. Would a quality headphone pre-amp reduce the muddiness of the sound? Clear the low end and boost some of the mids I mean.


The output of many portable players can be on the lean side, depending on the effective sensitivity of the headphones that you are using. I have a pair of Sony MDR-V900HD headphones that are quite sensitive, and most players sound loud enough for me with them, no headphone amp needed. In contrast, I have a pair of Shure E3 IEMs, and they are pretty marginal with several of the players I've tried them with.

Any muddiness that you hear is almost certainly about how things sound when you can't turn the sound level up far enough to satisfy the needs of your partidular ears.

A quality headphone amp can raise levels substantially, and improve your listening experience. 2 that I've used with good results are the Boostaroo and the Fiio E5.  I favor the latter, because it is a more modern design, but they can both work quite well. Wile there are some very expensive headphone amps out there, the technical requirents are far from rocket science. Many of them are violently overbuilt, like masonry commodes.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Ed Seedhouse on 2010-10-08 02:16:41
I am claiming that the iPod classic uses a different DAC.


There is no reason to suppose that this, even if true, would have any significant audible effect.

You agreed to the terms of service or you could not post here.  Did you read them? 

If so isn't TOS #8 clear as to what you agreed to when making such claims?  Why aren't you keeping to your freely given agreement?

We await actual evidence.

Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: krabapple on 2010-10-08 03:21:44
If you're claiming audible differences in the iPod's DAC then let's see your ABX results.


I am claiming that the iPod classic uses a different DAC.



Uh huh.  So?  Do different DACs typically sound different?




I've found the output underwhelming. Would a quality headphone pre-amp reduce the muddiness of the sound? Clear the low end and boost some of the mids I mean.


That's EQ or poor matching with the headphones.  Unlikely to have anything whatsoever to do with the DAC.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: higherlove on 2010-10-08 03:25:39
If you're claiming audible differences in the iPod's DAC then let's see your ABX results.


Are there any handy ABX test tool running on iPod?
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: higherlove on 2010-10-08 03:51:04
If you're claiming audible differences in the iPod's DAC then let's see your ABX results.


Are there any handy ABX test tool running on iPod?

Never mind.  Just found this.
http://www.hydrogenaudio.org/forums/lofive...php/t39831.html (http://www.hydrogenaudio.org/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t39831.html)
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Bullit on 2010-10-08 03:52:20
That's EQ or poor matching with the headphones.  Unlikely to have anything whatsoever to do with the DAC.


I usually use a flat EQ with no enhancements or anything on my players, what do you mean by poor matching?

I retract my previous statement about the iPod sound quality sucking. Here is a revised statement:

In my experience, I have found that the iPod sound quality is poor compared to other players I have owned using some decent headphones (AKG & Audio Technica). This is my opinion.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Engelsstaub on 2010-10-08 05:47:34
This is my opinion and not subjective:

I used to own a Zune and the sound quality seemed to me decent enough IMO. I later switched to a late model (post 5th Gen) iPod Classic 160 Gb for reasons relating to storage space and compatibility with certain components. IMO, it didn't sound any better or worse. (...but it was louder (by a fractional but still appreciable amount.)

I won't knowingly or intentionally make any statements that would violate TOS 8. I'm actually sure I couldn't tell the difference between the Zune and the iPod I have in an ABX at the same volumes. As mentioned by another poster, I believe headphones will have much more to do with your perceived sound quality than say whether it's the Wolfsen DAC or the newer one. Amplification, of course, should be a major factor in your perceived sound quality as well if your headphones aren't efficient.

I've never owned another PMP aside from the aforementioned, so I could be entirely full of crap. It's just my experience.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: probedb on 2010-10-08 09:19:00
This is my opinion and not subjective:

I used to own a Zune and the sound quality seemed to me decent enough IMO. I later switched to a late model (post 5th Gen) iPod Classic 160 Gb for reasons relating to storage space and compatibility with certain components. IMO, it didn't sound any better or worse. (...but it was louder (by a fractional but still appreciable amount.)

I won't knowingly or intentionally make any statements that would violate TOS 8. I'm actually sure I couldn't tell the difference between the Zune and the iPod I have in an ABX at the same volumes. As mentioned by another poster, I believe headphones will have much more to do with your perceived sound quality than say whether it's the Wolfsen DAC or the newer one. Amplification, of course, should be a major factor in your perceived sound quality as well if your headphones aren't efficient.

I've never owned another PMP aside from the aforementioned, so I could be entirely full of crap. It's just my experience.


I'm unsure of the louder thing? What do you mean louder? Surely you just turn it up to match the volume levels? Or are you saying the maximum volume is louder on the iPod? It could also be the iPod is driving the 'phones better?
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Arnold B. Krueger on 2010-10-08 10:44:27
If you're claiming audible differences in the iPod's DAC then let's see your ABX results.


Are there any handy ABX test tool running on iPod?


Doing ABX testing of portable players is not easy if you approach it the most obvious way. By obvious way, I mean get two players, load them up with the same songs, start then both playing, somehow match levels and song playback timing, and then blindly and manually swap listening to the players in accordance with a randomized script, and write down your reactions.

If you actually try to do this, you will find that synching the playback and switching between the players is really awkward, time consuming, and frustrating. You see if you want the maximum sensitivity for your test you have to be able to switch quickly between the players when you want to and instatntly. I'm talking switch over in a fraction of a second. If it takes more than a few seconds to switch, your ability to hear differences flushes right down the porcelain convenience. You can listen to each altnerative for seconds or hours or whatever floats your boat, but if you can't switch quickly when you want to you won't be able to work at your peak. Going along with this is the fact that both players have to be playing the same music, with timing consistency on the order of a musical note or less.

The first level of added sophistication would probably be to set up a randomized box for switching the headphones between the two players.  ABX boxes that are capable of switching headphone or speaker connections have been around for almost 4 decades, I built the first one ever built in the late 1970s.

Time-synching players and keeping them time synched within a fraction of a second isn't very easy, either. It's actually even harder than the fast switching when you want it part of the problem.

There's an easy solution for all of these problems, but you have to agree to some things that will be very counter-intuitive until you've done some actual ABX testing of audio equipment, and figure out what in life sounds different, and what sounds the same, and how to know which is which.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Arnold B. Krueger on 2010-10-08 10:51:55
How's the audio quality on the Ipod Classic 160gb 7th generation?
I read some reviews saying the audio quality had gotten worse in the newest classic model(compared to the older models).


Rule number one is that most reviews of portable players that you find on the web are written by well-meaning but exceedingly naive (as in uninformed or misinformed) people. As you might guess, the reviews may be composed of neat-sounding prose and techy-sounding words, but they are just noise, signifying nothing.

There is such a thing as truth in this matter, and the means of finding it are not all that weird or difficult, but most people who write these reviews just don't know it. For openers, you have to get a little scientific and learn how to do listening tests like the true scientists and professionals do them. I'm not talking some guy down the street with a recording studio, I'm talking the *real* pros like Dolby Laboratories or Harmon International.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: kornchild2002 on 2010-10-08 10:55:47
I'm unsure of the louder thing? What do you mean louder? Surely you just turn it up to match the volume levels? Or are you saying the maximum volume is louder on the iPod? It could also be the iPod is driving the 'phones better?


I am not speaking for Engelsstaub but from my own experience.  I had a 30GB Halo 3 Zune and a 5G 60GB iPod.  The max volume on the 5G iPod was louder than that of the Zune.  I don't know if it was driving the headphone better or if the hardware/software in it allowed for louder output.  Now I have my 4G 64GB iPod touch and it is the same thing as it happens to be the loudest iPod I have ever owned.  The max volume is louder, I don't need to turn it up as much to achieve the (relatively, non-blind) same level of output as my other players, etc.  Again, I am not sure if it is driving the headphones better or not but the output volume is louder.  In fact, I don't have to turn my iPod all the way up in my car anymore.  It now only needs to be about 4 clicks away from the max volume when hooking it up to my auxiliary input.  Going all the way up causes a rather large amount of distortion.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: dhromed on 2010-10-08 11:15:59
If you actually try to do this, you will find that synching the playback and switching between the players is really awkward, time consuming, and frustrating.


Whu? Why won't a simple device like this (http://www.cybermarket.co.uk/shopscr3360.html) plus fitting cables do just fine? I have such a device and the button switches smoothly and quietly (contrast with my amp's input switcher, which goes CLICK and is entirely unsuitable for this kind of comparison)

The first concern is whether the listener can hear a difference. If that one doesn't work, trying to identify—let alone judge which is superior—is moot.

Going along with this is the fact that both players have to be playing the same music, with timing consistency on the order of a musical note or less. [...] Time-synching players and keeping them time synched within a fraction of a second isn't very easy, either. It's actually even harder than the fast switching when you want it part of the problem.


True, and not even easy for files and an ABX tool. Files from different sources may not be sample-aligned, and switching almost always produces a tiny pause or click.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Arnold B. Krueger on 2010-10-08 11:47:23
If you actually try to do this, you will find that synching the playback and switching between the players is really awkward, time consuming, and frustrating.


Whu? Why won't a simple device like this (http://www.cybermarket.co.uk/shopscr3360.html) plus fitting cables do just fine? I have such a device and the button switches smoothly and quietly (contrast with my amp's input switcher, which goes CLICK and is entirely unsuitable for this kind of comparison)


The rub is doing blind tests with such a device without an assistant that is hidden behind a curtain.

ABX Comparator hardware (http://home.provide.net/~djcarlst/abx_hdwr.htm)

Quote
The first concern is whether the listener can hear a difference. If that one doesn't work, trying to identify—let alone judge which is superior—is moot.


You're preaching to the choir. I invented ABX. ;-)

Quote
Going along with this is the fact that both players have to be playing the same music, with timing consistency on the order of a musical note or less. [...] Time-synching players and keeping them time synched within a fraction of a second isn't very easy, either. It's actually even harder than the fast switching when you want it part of the problem.


True, and not even easy for files and an ABX tool. Files from different sources may not be sample-aligned, and switching almost always produces a tiny pause or click.


The small pause or click is IMO not a problem.  You're got the requirements for time-synching exactly right, but they are hard to accomplish or maintain with music player hardware.

And thet's where PCABX comes in...
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: dhromed on 2010-10-08 12:21:13
Quote
The first concern is whether the listener can hear a difference. If that one doesn't work, trying to identify—let alone judge which is superior—is moot.


You're preaching to the choir. I invented ABX. ;-)


Naturally, I wasn't trying to teach you a thing or two, though it may have seemed that way.  I just find that posts on forum threads have value to readers other than the ones currently engaged in dialogue, and making things explicit is always helpful for the hapless onlooker. The priority sequence I described is not always understood as well by some, it seems, when people equate "different" with "superior", or try to skip to the judgement phase when they've not even established that there is a difference.

My only point, really, was to say that the basic requirement of fast switching, out of all the issues stemming from ABXing players, need not be a cumbersome one. The rest still stands, of course.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: SpiderJon on 2010-10-08 12:29:11
This is my opinion and not subjective:


Errr... how does that work then? :-)

"opinion (http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?title=21st&query=opinion)  noun 1 a belief or judgement which seems likely to be true, but which is not based on proof."
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Hansen on 2010-10-08 13:30:47
opinion[/url][/b]  noun 1 a belief or judgement which seems likely to be true, but which is not based on proof."

It might still not be subjective as such. It might be based on 'common sense' or 'self evidence'...
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: DigitalMan on 2010-10-08 15:27:30
I would expect that the biggest differences in sound quality would be due to the simple interaction of headphone impedance, MP3 player output impedance and the size of the MP3 player's output coupling capacitors. 

I do remember some portable player designs where small value DC blocking capacitors were used to save money, which can interact with headphone impedance and roll off bass, for example.  At any rate, a simple frequency response test into a representative impedance would quickly put the question to rest.

This is a more plausible explanation to me than significant DAC differences.  Also, we need to be careful (TOS8, etc.) that what is actually more accurate sound be less "pleasing."  I think we've all heard where an accurate, flat bass response can sound "thin" compared to some people's preferences or expectations.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Bullit on 2010-10-08 15:48:56
I think we've all heard where an accurate, flat bass response can sound "thin" compared to some people's preferences or expectations.


So how do you measure whether or not a flat response really is flat?
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Engelsstaub on 2010-10-08 15:51:22
This is my opinion and not subjective:


Errr... how does that work then? :-)

"opinion (http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?title=21st&query=opinion)  noun 1 a belief or judgement which seems likely to be true, but which is not based on proof."


I spelled "Wolfson" wrong too. (Wolfsen? ...apparently it's not a Scandinavian company.)
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: Arnold B. Krueger on 2010-10-08 16:35:16
I think we've all heard where an accurate, flat bass response can sound "thin" compared to some people's preferences or expectations.


So how do you measure whether or not a flat response really is flat?



Some kind of a metering device, hopefully under a realistic usage situation. Many options exist and are generaly accepted.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: krabapple on 2010-10-08 16:55:21
That's EQ or poor matching with the headphones.  Unlikely to have anything whatsoever to do with the DAC.


I usually use a flat EQ with no enhancements or anything on my players, what do you mean by poor matching?





The main concern is to match the line output to the headphone/downstream gear sensitivity. Not all combinations 'work'....bass will be weak when the ipod is driving low-impedence headphones.

There was a thread about this , long ago, on AVSforum I think, where someone actually went to the trouble of testing an iPod with different headphones and graphing the results.  Can;'t find it now.
But the 2003 Stereophile review of the classic iPod makes much the same point:

http://www.stereophile.com/mediaservers/934/index5.html (http://www.stereophile.com/mediaservers/934/index5.html)

EDIT:

found the AVSforum thread.  See especially the posts by 'yuriv'.


http://www.avsforum.com/avs-vb/showthread.php?t=824156 (http://www.avsforum.com/avs-vb/showthread.php?t=824156)
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: usernaim on 2010-10-08 17:39:24
Somewhere, I can't remember where, I say a powerpoint with measurements (I think done by a participant here) of an ipod into Sennheiser HD280 pro that, like the Home Theater measurements linked above, showed a dimunition of bass into load.  Anyone know where I might find this again?
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: greynol on 2010-10-08 18:30:19
Doing ABX testing of portable players is not easy if you approach it the most obvious way.

Record the output of the two players as separate files and perform your ABX from there.  You've been telling us that modern ADCs should give transparent results, have you not?
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: saratoga on 2010-10-08 18:30:36
I think we've all heard where an accurate, flat bass response can sound "thin" compared to some people's preferences or expectations.


So how do you measure whether or not a flat response really is flat?


Most people use RMAA.

Edit:  ABXing DACs is not a great idea most of the time.  If you want to check for a correct frequency response or excessive distortion, use RMAA.  A 16k point FFT is much better at checking spectral flatness then your ears.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: DonP on 2010-10-08 19:22:08
That's EQ or poor matching with the headphones.  Unlikely to have anything whatsoever to do with the DAC.


I usually use a flat EQ with no enhancements or anything on my players, what do you mean by poor matching?




That the amp in the ipod is not well matched (impedance or just plain power) to the headphones.

As an example, I've got a Palm PDA that has annoying constant volume hiss if I use ear buds that disappears if I use my Sony V-6's.  The V-6's are less sensitive, and I'd guess lower impedance.  Likely the hiss is digital crosstalk introduced after the last amp stage, so it is high impedance and 1) becomes less apparent when the volume is turned up for the bigger headphones, and 2) gets sucked right down by the lower impedance load.



Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: DonP on 2010-10-08 19:33:22
The small pause or click is IMO not a problem.  You're got the requirements for time-synching exactly right, but they are hard to accomplish or maintain with music player hardware.

And thet's where PCABX comes in...


In the case here (comparing headphone out to line out/external amp or external DAC on the same player) wouldn't the time synch be pretty much a given?
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: saratoga on 2010-10-08 20:04:02
That the amp in the ipod is not well matched (impedance or just plain power) to the headphones.


You don't want matched impedances with headphones.  You want the amp to be as low as possible and the headphones much higher.

As an example, I've got a Palm PDA that has annoying constant volume hiss if I use ear buds that disappears if I use my Sony V-6's.  The V-6's are less sensitive, and I'd guess lower impedance.


Higher impedance.  The Sony V-6 are high impedance headphones, and its lower impedances that are harder for crappy amps to drive.

Likely the hiss is digital crosstalk introduced after the last amp stage, so it is high impedance and 1) becomes less apparent when the volume is turned up for the bigger headphones, and 2) gets sucked right down by the lower impedance load.


Its probably just a crappy design with a lot of noise.  Turning up the volume for your low sensitivity headphones increases the signal making the noise a lot less apparent, and perhaps pushing it below the ambient noise floor.

Anyway you seem to have the idea that one picks headphones for an device.  Thats not really correct.  A better way to think about it is that some devices handle difficult to drive loads (== low impedance) better then others.
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: mixminus1 on 2010-10-08 21:28:14
I was about to counter with "but MDR-V6's aren't high-impedance", and to prove it I looked up their specs on Sony's website...and lo and behold, they are indeed high(ish) impedance:  63 ohms.

For the longest time I thought they were 24 ohms...could've swore I read that on their spec sheet years ago.

So, yes, that would explain the noise of the PDA going away with the V6's vs. the earbuds - the same thing happens with my iPod shuffle and Westone UM-1's (25 ohms and 114 dB sensitivity) vs. the V6's (106 dB sensitivity).
Title: Ipod Classic 160gb audio quality?
Post by: MichaelW on 2010-10-08 22:19:25
The main concern is to match the line output to the headphone/downstream gear sensitivity. Not all combinations 'work'....bass will be weak when the ipod is driving low-impedence headphones.

There was a thread about this , long ago, on AVSforum I think, where someone actually went to the trouble of testing an iPod with different headphones and graphing the results.


IIRC, this was a known issue with the earliest iPods, and was fixed with the first Shuffle and subsequent models. Perhaps the memory of this problem is one of the factors in the persistent iPod SQ meme.