No, there are no exponential or logarithm functions. Note that all title formatting functions operate on integers only.
However, you can compute $floor($log10(x)) for a natural number x, even though neither a $floor nor a $log10 function actually exists. For this you have to compute the number of digits of the number which can be done with the $len function. Here is an example that applies this to the track length in minutes:
$puts(L,$len($div(%length_seconds%,60)))
1$repeat(0,$sub($get(L),1)) to $add(1$repeat(9,$sub($get(L),1)),1) minutes
This displays things like "10 to 20 minutes" or "1 to 2 minutes". Note that it will display the latter even for tracks shorter than 1 minute.
For maximum flexibility you have to resort to an $if cascade. Like you said this does not scale, but on the other hand you can choose the intervals freely. For example:
$ifgreater(%length_seconds%,599,
10 minutes or longer,
$ifgreater(%length_seconds%,179,
3 to 10 minutes,
$ifgreater(%length_seconds%,59,
1 to 3 minutes,
0 to 1 minute
)))